Package structure

ABSTRACT

A package structure includes a substrate and a semiconductor die formed over the substrate. The package structure also includes a package layer covering the semiconductor die and a conductive structure formed in the package layer. The package structure includes a first insulating layer formed on the conductive structure, and the first insulating layer includes monovalent metal oxide. A second insulating layer is formed between the first insulating layer and the package layer. The second insulating layer includes monovalent metal oxide, and a weight ratio of the monovalent metal oxide in the second insulating layer is greater than a weight ratio of the monovalent metal oxide in first insulating layer.

PRIORITY CLAIM AND CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/495,788, filed on Apr. 24, 2017 and entitled “Package Structure and Method for Forming the Same,” which application is a continuation of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/971,132, filed on Dec. 16, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,633,924 issued on Apr. 4, 2017, and entitled “Package Structure and Method for Forming the Same,” both of which applications are incorporated herein by reference.

This application is related to the following co-pending a commonly assigned patent application: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/970,962, filed on Dec. 16, 2015, the entirety of which is incorporated by reference herein.

BACKGROUND

Semiconductor devices are used in a variety of electronic applications, such as personal computers, cell phones, digital cameras, and other electronic equipment. Semiconductor devices are typically fabricated by sequentially depositing insulating or dielectric layers, conductive layers, and semiconductive layers of material over a semiconductor substrate, and patterning the various material layers using lithography to form circuit components and elements thereon. Many integrated circuits are typically manufactured on a single semiconductor wafer, and individual dies on the wafer are singulated by sawing between the integrated circuits along a scribe line. The individual dies are typically packaged separately, in multi-chip modules, for example, or in other types of packaging.

New packaging technologies, such as package on package (PoP), have begun to be developed, in which a top package with a device die is bonded to a bottom package, with another device die. By adopting the new packaging technologies, various packages with different or similar functions are integrated together.

Although existing package structures and methods of fabricating package structure have generally been adequate for their intended purpose, they have not been entirely satisfactory in all respects.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Aspects of the present disclosure are best understood from the following detailed description when read with the accompanying figures. It should be noted that, in accordance with the standard practice in the industry, various features are not drawn to scale. In fact, the dimensions of the various features may be arbitrarily increased or reduced for clarity of discussion.

FIGS. 1A-1N show cross-sectional representations of various stages of forming a package structure, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 1H′ shows a cross-sectional representation of a wet process performed on the conductive structure, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 2A shows a top-view representation of a conductive structure, before the plasma process or the wet process, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 2B shows a top-view representation of a conductive structure, after the plasma process or the wet process, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 3A shows a top-view representation of a conductive structure, before the plasma process or the wet process, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 3B shows a top-view representation of a conductive structure, after the plasma process or the wet process, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following disclosure provides many different embodiments, or examples, for implementing different features of the subject matter provided. Specific examples of components and arrangements are described below to simplify the present disclosure. These are, of course, merely examples and are not intended to be limiting. For example, the formation of a first feature over or on a second feature in the description that follows may include embodiments in which the first and second features are formed in direct contact, and may also include embodiments in which additional features may be formed between the first and second features, such that the first and second features may not be in direct contact. In addition, the present disclosure may repeat reference numerals and/or letters in the various examples. This repetition is for the purpose of simplicity and clarity and does not in itself dictate a relationship between the various embodiments and/or configurations discussed.

Some variations of the embodiments are described. Throughout the various views and illustrative embodiments, like reference numbers are used to designate like elements. It should be understood that additional operations can be provided before, during, and after the method, and some of the operations described can be replaced or eliminated for other embodiments of the method.

Embodiments for a package structure and method for forming the same are provided. FIGS. 1A-1N show cross-sectional representations of various stages of forming a package structure 100, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure. The package structure 100 is applied to wafer level package (WLP).

As shown in FIG. 1A, a substrate 102 is provided. The substrate 102 is a temporary support substrate. In some embodiments, the substrate 102 is made of semiconductor material, ceramic material, polymer material, metal material, another applicable material or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the substrate 102 is a glass substrate. In some embodiments, the substrate 102 is a semiconductor substrate, such as silicon wafer.

An adhesive layer 104 is formed on the substrate 102. In some embodiments, the adhesive layer is made of glue or foil. In some other embodiments, the adhesive layer 104 is made of a photosensitive material which is easily detached from the substrate 102 by light irradiation. In some embodiments, the adhesive layer 104 is made of a heat-sensitive material.

Afterwards, a base layer 106 is formed on the adhesive layer 104. In some embodiments, the base layer 106 is made of polymer or a polymer-containing layer. The base layer 106 may be a poly-p-phenylenebenzobisthiazole (PBO) layer, a polyimide (PI) layer, a solder resist (SR) layer, an Ajinomoto buildup film (ABF), a die attach film (DAF), another applicable material or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the adhesive layer 104 and the base layer 106 are deposited or laminated over the substrate 102.

Afterwards, a seed layer 108 is formed over the base layer 106 as shown in FIG. 1B, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure. In some embodiments, the seed layer 108 is made of metal material, such as copper (Cu), titanium (Ti), copper alloy, titanium alloy or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the seed layer 108 is formed by a deposition process, such as chemical vapor deposition process (CVD), physical vapor deposition process (PVD), another applicable process or combinations thereof.

After the seed layer 108 is formed on the base layer 106, a mask layer 110 is formed on the seed layer 108, as shown in FIG. 1C, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure. The openings 112 are formed in the mask layer 110. The seed layer 108 is exposed by the openings 112. The openings 112 are used to define the position of the conductive structure (formed later, shown in FIG. 1D). In some embodiments, the mask layer 110 is made of a photoresist material. The openings 112 are formed by a patterning process. The patterning process includes a photolithography process and an etching process. Examples of a photolithography process include soft baking, mask aligning, exposure, post-exposure baking, developing the photoresist, rinsing and drying (e.g., hard baking). The etching process may be a dry etching or a wet etching process.

Afterwards, the conductive structure 114 is formed in the mask layer 110 as shown in FIG. 1D, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure. The conductive structure 114 is filled into the openings 112. The conductive structure 114 may be made of metal material, such as copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), tungsten (W), nickel (Ni), alloy thereof or combinations thereof. The top-view shape of the conductive structure 114 may be rectangle, square, circle, or the like. The height of the conductive structure 114 dependents on the thickness of the mask layer 110. In some embodiments, the conductive structure 114 is formed by a plating process.

Afterwards, the mask layer 110 is removed, and an etching process is performed to remove a portion of seed layer 108 as shown in FIG. 1E, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure. During the etching process, the conductive structure 114 is used as a mask. As a result, the conductive structure 114 and the remaining seed layer 108 are in combination referred to as through InFO vias (TIV) 116, which are also referred to as through-vias 116. In some embodiments, the conductive structure 114 and the seed layer 108 are made of the same material, and therefore there is no distinguishable interface therebetween.

Afterwards, a semiconductor die 120 is formed over the base layer 106 through an adhesive layer 122 as shown in FIG. 1F, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure. The height of the conductive structure 114 is higher than the height of the semiconductor die 120. The top surface of the conductive structure 114 is higher than the top surface of the semiconductor die 120.

In some embodiments, the adhesive layer 122 is die attach film (DAF). The semiconductor die 120 includes a semiconductor substrate 124, a dielectric layer 126, a conductive pad 128, a passivation layer 130 and a connector 132. The conductive pad 128 is formed in the dielectric layer 126, and the connector 132 is formed in the passivation layer 130. The connector 132 is electrically connected to the conductive pad 128.

Other device elements may be formed in the semiconductor die 120. The device elements include transistors (e.g., metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFET), complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) transistors, bipolar junction transistors (BJT), high-voltage transistors, high-frequency transistors, p-channel and/or n channel field effect transistors (PFETs/NFETs), etc.), diodes, and/or other applicable elements. Various processes are performed to form device elements, such as deposition, etching, implantation, photolithography, annealing, and/or other applicable processes.

As shown in FIG. 1G, a first insulating layer 136 a is spontaneously formed on the conductive structure 114. The first insulating layer 136 a surrounds the conductive structure 114. In other words, the conductive structure 114 and the seed layer 108 are surrounded by the first insulating layer 136 a.

The conductive structure 114 includes a metal material, and the first insulating layer 136 a includes a metal element that is the same as that of the metal material. In some embodiments, the first insulating layer 136 a is a native oxide layer. In some embodiments, the conductive structure 114 includes copper (Cu), and the first insulating layer 136 a includes cupric oxide and cuprous oxide (CuO and Cu₂O).

It should be noted that the first insulating layer 136 a is formed between the conductive structure 114 and a package layer (formed later, such as package layer 140 shown in FIG. 1I). However, delamination between the first insulating layer 136 a and the package layer may occur during a subsequent process, such as a heating process. For example, during a heating operation, the heat may cause stress, and it may cause delamination of the package layer.

In some embodiments, a plasma process 11 is performed on the conductive structure 114 and transforms an outer part of the first insulating layer to a second insulating layer 136 b, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure. For example, the second insulating layer 136 b is formed over the conductive structure 114, as shown in FIG. 1H. Compared with the surface of the first insulating layer 136 a before performing the plasma process 11, a roughened surface on the second insulating layer 136 b is obtained after the plasma process 11 is performed. The first insulating layer 136 a′ has a first thickness T₁, and the second insulating layer 136 b has a second thickness T₂. In some embodiments, a ratio (T₁/T₂) of the first thickness T₁ to the second thickness T₂ is in a range from about 1/1 to about 1/0.2.

After the plasma process 11, the insulating layer 136 includes the first insulating layer 136 a′ and the second insulating layer 136 b. The first insulating layer 136 a′ is closer to the conductive structure 114 than the second insulating layer 136 b. In other words, the first insulating layer 136 a′ is formed in direct contact with the conductive structure 114, and the second insulating layer 136 b is formed in direct contact with the package layer 140 (shown in FIG. 1I). The dash line in the insulating layer 136, as shown in FIG. 1H, is used to schematically define the two layers. In other words, the insulating layer 136 includes monovalent metal oxide at a first location near an outside surface of the insulating layer 136 more than it at a second location near an inner surface which is in contact with the conductive structure 114. The description of “near an outer surface” is in the thickness range of the second insulating layer 136 b, and “near an inner surface” is in the thickness in the first insulating layer 136 a′.

In some embodiments, compositions of monovalent metal oxide and divalent metal oxide in two layers 136 a′, 136 b are different. For example, the weight ratios of monovalent metal oxide and divalent metal oxide are different in the first insulating layer 136 a′ and the second insulating layer 136 b. The adhesion may be improved to avoid delamination problems by forming the second layer 136 b.

The conductive structure 114 includes a metal material, and the first insulating layer 136 a′ and the second insulating layer 136 b include the same metal element as that of the metal material. More specifically, both the first insulating layer 136 a′ and the second insulating layer 136 b include monovalent metal oxide and divalent metal oxide, and the second insulating layer 136 b includes higher ratio of monovalent metal oxide. For example, the conductive structure 114 includes copper (Cu), and the first insulating layer 136 a′ and the second insulating layer 136 b include cupric oxide (CuO) and cuprous oxide (Cu₂O).

It should be noted that a weight ratio of the monovalent metal oxide in the second insulating layer 136 b is greater than a weight ratio of the monovalent metal oxide in the first insulating layer 136 a′. In some embodiments, the conductive structure 114 includes copper (Cu), and a weight ratio of cuprous oxide (Cu₂O) in the second insulating layer 136 b is greater than that of cuprous oxide (Cu₂O) in the first insulating layer 136 a′. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of cuprous oxide (Cu₂O) in the second insulating layer 136 b is in a range from about 30% to about 60%. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of cuprous oxide (Cu₂O) in the first insulating layer 136 a′ is in a range from about 20% to about 28%. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of cuprous oxide (Cu₂O) in the second insulating layer 136 b is about 1.5 to 3 times of that of cuprous oxide (Cu₂O) in the first insulating layer 136 a′.

In some other embodiments, the weight ratio of cuprous oxide (Cu₂O) and cupric oxide (CuO) in the second insulating layer 136 b gradually increases from the inner surface to the outer surface of the second insulating layer 136 b. The inner surface is the interface between the first insulating layer 136 a′ and the second insulating layer 136 b. The outer surface is the interface between the second insulating layer 136 b and the package layer 140. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of cuprous oxide (Cu₂O) and cupric oxide (CuO) is substantially constant in the first insulating layer 136 a′.

Furthermore, the surface roughness of the second insulating layer 136 b is greater than that of the first insulating layer 136 a′. The high roughness increases the contact area, and therefore improves adhesion strength. The adhesion between the conductive structure 114 and the package layer 140 is improved by treating the surface of the conductive structure 114.

In other words, the monovalent metal oxide provides better bonding characteristics between the conductive structure 114 and the subsequently formed package layer 140, comparing with the divalent metal oxide.

In some embodiments, the plasma process 11 includes performing a pre-cleaning process and a main plasma process. The pre-cleaning process is configured to clean the surface of the conductive structure 114 and to remove some contaminations. If the contaminations are not removed, they may hinder and decrease the adhesion between the conductive structure 114 and the package layer 140. The main plasma process is configured to alter the components of the first insulating layer 136 a. Therefore, the second insulating layer 136 b formed over the first insulating layer 136 a′ is obtained.

In some embodiments, the cleaning process includes using nitrogen (N₂) gas with a flow rate in a range from about 200 sccm to about 600 sccm. In some embodiments, the cleaning process is performed at a pressure in a range from about 20 Pa to about 70 Pa. In some embodiments, the cleaning process is performed for a period of time in a range from about 10 seconds to about 70 seconds. When the pre-cleaning process is performed for a period of time within the above-mentioned range, the contaminations are removed completely.

In some embodiments, the main plasma process includes using oxygen (O₂) gas with a flow rate in a range from about 100 sccm to about 300 sccm. In addition oxygen (O₂) gas, the main plasma process also includes using argon (Ar) gas with a flow rate in a range from about 100 sccm to about 300 sccm. The argon (Ar) gas is also used to increase surface roughness. In some embodiments, the main plasma process is performed at a pressure in a range from about 20 Pa to about 40 Pa. In some embodiments, the main plasma process is performed for a period of time in a range from about 5 seconds to about 50 seconds. When the main plasma process is performed for a period of time within the above-mentioned range, the ratio of the monovalent metal oxide in the second insulating layer 136 b is increased.

In some other embodiments, a wet process 13 is performed on the conductive structure 114 and transforms an outer part of the insulating layer 136 a to a second insulating layer 136 b. The second insulating layer 136 b is formed over the conductive structure 114, as shown in FIG. 1H′, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure.

In some embodiments, the wet process 13 includes placing the substrate 102 in a chemical bath 20. The chemical bath 20 includes an input 202 and an output 204. The input 202 is used to provide an input for the chemical solution, and the output 204 is used to provide an output for the chemical solution. A propeller 206 is used to stir and circulate the chemical solution, and therefore the substrate 102 may be uniformly reacted with the chemical solution.

After the wet process 13, the insulating layer 136 including the first insulating layer 136 a′ and the second insulating layer 136 b is obtained. The first insulating layer 136 a′ includes monovalent metal oxide and the divalent metal oxide. The second insulating layer 136 b includes monovalent metal oxide and the divalent metal oxide. In some embodiments, the monovalent metal oxide is cuprous oxide (Cu₂O), and the divalent metal oxide is cupric oxide (CuO) or copper hydroxide (Cu(OH)₂).

It should be noted that a weight ratio of the monovalent metal oxide in the second insulating layer 136 b is greater than a weight ratio of the monovalent metal oxide in first insulating layer 136 a′. In some embodiments, a ratio of the monovalent metal oxide in the second insulating layer 136 b is in a range from about 30 wt % to about 60 wt %. In some embodiments, a ratio of the monovalent metal oxide in the first insulating layer 136 a′ is in a range from about 20 wt % to about 28 wt %.

In some embodiments, the chemical solution includes hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) solution. In some embodiments, the hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) solution has a concentration in a range from about 20 wt % to about 60 wt %. In some embodiments, the chemical bath 20 is performed at room temperature. In some embodiments, the chemical bath 20 is performed at a temperature in a range from about 20 degrees to about 40 degrees.

After the wet process 13, an optional cleaning process is performed on the insulating layer 136. The cleaning process is used to remove some contaminations which may come from the chemical bath 20. If contaminations are remaining over the insulating layer 136, the contaminations may block the adhering of the package layer 140. In some embodiments, the cleaning process includes using nitrogen (N₂) gas with a flow rate in a range from about 200 sccm to about 700 sccm.

It should be noted that the hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) solution is easy to prepare and the chemical bath 20 is performed at room temperature without heating the chemical bath 20. Therefore, the cost for performing the wet process 13 is relatively low. The wet process 13 may be used for mass production.

As mentioned above, the adhesion between the conductive structure 114 and the package layer 140 is improved by performing the plasma process 11 or performing the wet process 13. The delaminated problem is avoided. Therefore, the reliability and performance of the package structure 100 are further improved.

Afterwards, the package layer 140 is formed over the semiconductor die 120 and the insulating layer 136 as shown in FIG. 1I, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure. In some embodiments, the package layer 140 completely encapsulates and covers the semiconductor die 120. The top surface of the package layer 140 is higher than the top surface of the conductive structure 114 and the top surface of the semiconductor die 120.

In some embodiments, the package layer 140 is made of molding compound, such as liquid epoxy, deformable gel, silicon rubber, or the like. In some embodiments, the molding compound is dispensed over the base layer 106, the semiconductor die 120 and the insulating layer 136 and therefore a thermal process is performed to harden the molding compound.

After the package layer 140 is formed, a planarizing process is performed to expose the semiconductor die 120 and the through InFO vias (TIV) 116, as shown in FIG. 1J, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure. After the planarizing process, the top surface of the semiconductor die 120 is substantially level with that of the conductive structure 114. In some embodiments, the planarizing process includes grinding process, a chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) process, an etching process, another applicable process or combinations thereof.

After the planarizing process, a redistribution structure 146 is formed over the package layer 140 as shown in FIG. 1K, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure. The redistribution structure 146 includes the redistribution lines (RDL) 144 formed in the passivation layer 142. The RDL 144 is electrically connected to the semiconductor die 120 and the through InFO vias (TIV) 116.

In some embodiments, the redistribution lines (RDL) 144 are made of metal materials, such as copper (Cu), copper alloy, aluminum (Al), aluminum alloy, tungsten (W), tungsten alloy, titanium (Ti), titanium alloy, tantalum (Ta), or tantalum alloy. In some embodiments, the RDL 144 is formed by plating, electroless plating, sputtering or chemical vapor deposition (CVD). In some embodiments, the passivation layer 142 is made of polybenzoxazole (PBO), benzocyclobutene (BCB), silicone, acrylates, siloxane, or combinations thereof. In some other embodiments, the passivation layer 142 is made of non-organic materials, such as silicon oxide, un-doped silicate glass, silicon oxynitride, solder resist (SR), silicon nitride, HMDS (hexamethyldisilazane).

Afterwards, electrical connector 148 is formed over the redistribution structure 146. In some embodiments, the electrical connector 148 includes the solder ball, metal pillar, another applicable connector. In some embodiments, an under bump metallurgy (UBM) layer (not shown) is formed below the electrical connector 148.

Afterwards, the substrate 102 and the adhesive layer 104 are removed, and the structure of FIG. 1K is flipped and attached to a carrier 152, as shown in FIG. 1L, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure. As a result, the base layer 106 faces up and is exposed. The carrier 152 includes a tape which is photosensitive or heat-sensitive and is easily detached from the electrical connector 148.

Afterwards, a portion of the base layer 106 is removed to form opening 154, as shown in FIG. 1M, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure. In some embodiments, a portion of the seed layer 108 is removed, and the seed layer 108 is exposed. In some other embodiments, the seed layer 108 is not removed or completely removed. In some other embodiments, the opening 154 is formed by a laser drilling process, an etching process, or another applicable process.

After the opening 154 is formed, an electrical connector 158 is filled into the opening 154, as shown in FIG. 1N, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure. Afterwards, the top package 160 is bonded to the electrical connector 158. The top package 160 includes a package substrate 162 and semiconductor dies 164. In some embodiments, the semiconductor dies 164 includes memory dies, such as Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) die, Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) die or the like.

Afterwards, the semiconductor structure 100 may continue to undergo other processes to form other structures or devices. Afterwards, a dicing process is performed to separate the structure as shown in FIG. 1N. into chip packages.

FIG. 2A shows a top-view representation of a conductive structure 114, before the plasma process 11 or the wet process 13 in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure. As shown in FIG. 2A, the first insulating layer 136 a surrounds the conductive structure 114, and the top-view shape of the conductive structure 114 is a circle.

FIG. 2B shows a top-view representation of a conductive structure 114 after the plasma process 11 or the wet process 13, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure. After performing the plasma process 11 or the wet process 13, the second insulating layer 136 b formed over the first insulating layer 136 a′ is obtained. The second insulating layer 136 b will be in direct contact with the package layer 140. The surface roughness of the second insulating layer 136 b is increased to improve the adhesion between the conductive structure 114 and the package layer 140.

As mentioned above, the insulating layer 136 includes monovalent metal oxide at a first location near an outside surface of the insulating layer 136 more than it at a second location near an inner surface which is in contact with the conductive structure 114. The description of “near an outer surface” is in the thickness range of the second insulating layer 136 b, and “near an inner surface” is in the thickness in the first insulating layer 136 a′.

FIG. 3A shows a top-view representation of a conductive structure 114, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure. As shown in FIG. 3A, a first insulating layer 136 a surrounds the conductive structure 114, and the top-view shape of the conductive structure 114 is rectangle.

FIG. 3B shows a top-view representation of a conductive structure 114 after the plasma process 11 or the wet process 13, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure. The weight ratio of the monovalent metal oxide in the second insulating layer 136 b is greater than a weight ratio of the monovalent metal oxide in first insulating layer 136 a′. The bonding strength is improved by altering the ratio of the second insulating layer 136 b. As a result, the reliability and performance of the package structure 100 are further improved.

Embodiments for forming a package structure and method for forming the same are provided. A semiconductor die is formed over a substrate, and a package layer covers the semiconductor die. A conductive structure is formed in the package layer, and the insulating layer is formed between the conductive structure and the package layer. A plasma process or a wet process is performed on the conductive structure to form the insulating layer including a first insulating layer and a second insulating layer. The second insulating layer is in direct contact with the package layer and has a larger surface roughness to improve the adhesion. When the adhesion is improved, the delamination problem is avoided. Therefore, the performance of the package structure is also improved.

In some embodiments, a package structure is provided. The package structure includes a substrate and a semiconductor die formed over the substrate. The package structure also includes a package layer covering the semiconductor die and a conductive structure formed in the package layer. The package structure includes a first insulating layer formed on the conductive structure, and the first insulating layer includes monovalent metal oxide. The package structure includes a second insulating layer formed between the first insulating layer and the package layer. The second insulating layer includes monovalent metal oxide, and a weight ratio of the monovalent metal oxide in the second insulating layer is greater than a weight ratio of the monovalent metal oxide in first insulating layer.

In some embodiments, a package structure is provided. The package structure includes a substrate and a semiconductor die formed over the substrate. The package structure also includes a package layer adjacent to the semiconductor die and a conductive structure formed in the package layer. The package structure further includes an insulating layer formed on the conductive structure. The insulating layer includes monovalent metal oxide at a first location near an outside surface of the insulating layer more than it at a second location near an inner surface which is in contact with the conductive structure.

In some embodiments, a method for forming a package structure is provided. The method includes forming a conductive structure over a substrate and forming a semiconductor die over a substrate. The semiconductor die is surrounded by the conductive structure. The method further includes performing a wet process or a plasma process on the conductive structure to form an insulating layer over the conductive structure. The insulating layer includes a second insulating layer over a first insulating layer, and the first insulating layer and the second insulating layer both include monovalent metal oxide. A weight ratio of the monovalent metal oxide in the second insulating layer is greater than a weight ratio of the monovalent metal oxide in first insulating layer. The method also includes forming a package layer over the semiconductor die and the second insulating layer.

One general aspect of embodiments disclosed herein includes a method for forming a package structure, the method including: forming a conductive structure over a substrate; forming a semiconductor die over the substrate, where the semiconductor die is surrounded by the conductive structure; performing a wet process or a plasma process on the conductive structure to form an insulating layer over the conductive structure, where the insulating layer includes a second insulating layer over a first insulating layer, where the first insulating layer and the second insulating layer both include monovalent metal oxide, and a weight ratio of the monovalent metal oxide in the second insulating layer is greater than a weight ratio of the monovalent metal oxide in first insulating layer; and forming a package layer over the semiconductor die and the second insulating layer.

Another general aspect of embodiments disclosed herein includes a method including: forming a conductive structure on a substrate (102); forming an oxide layer on the conductive structure, the oxide layer including both a monovalent metal oxide and a divalent metal oxide, and having a first weight ratio of monovalent metal oxide to divalent metal oxide; and converting a portion of the oxide layer to a second oxide having a weight ratio of monovalent metal oxide to divalent metal oxide that is greater than the first weight ratio

Yet another general aspect of embodiments disclosed herein includes a method of forming a packaged structure, including: depositing a conductive structure on a substrate; allowing a native oxide to form on the conductive structure; converting a portion of the native oxide to a second oxide layer; and encapsulating the conductive structure in a package material, where the native oxide and second oxide layer are interposed between the conductive structure and the package material.

One more general aspect of embodiments disclosed herein includes a package structure, including: a semiconductor die; a conductive structure adjacent to the semiconductor die; a first insulating layer on the conductive structure, where the first insulating layer includes monovalent metal oxide, the first insulating layer having a first surface roughness; and a second insulating layer on the first insulating layer, where the second insulating layer includes the monovalent metal oxide, and where the second insulating layer has a second surface roughness greater than the first surface roughness.

Another general aspect of embodiments disclosed herein includes a package structure, including: a first semiconductor die embedded in a molding compound; and a conductive structure extending through the molding compound, the conductive structure including a metal core, a first metal oxide surrounding the metal core and a second metal oxide surrounding the first metal oxide, where a weight ratio of monovalent metal oxide in the second metal oxide is greater than a weight ratio of monovalent metal oxide in the first metal oxide.

Yet another general aspect of embodiments disclosed herein includes a package structure, including: a package layer encapsulating a semiconductor die and a conductive structure adjacent the semiconductor die; a redistribution layer extending over a first surface of the package layer and electrically contacting a first end of the conductive structure; an electrical connector electrically contacting a second end of the conductive structure, the second end being opposite the first end; a first insulating layer between the conductive structure and the package layer, the first insulating layer having a first surface roughness; and a second insulating layer between the first insulating layer and the package layer, the second insulating layer having a second surface roughness greater than the first surface roughness.

The foregoing outlines features of several embodiments so that those skilled in the art may better understand the aspects of the present disclosure. Those skilled in the art should appreciate that they may readily use the present disclosure as a basis for designing or modifying other processes and structures for carrying out the same purposes and/or achieving the same advantages of the embodiments introduced herein. Those skilled in the art should also realize that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure, and that they may make various changes, substitutions, and alterations herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A package structure, comprising: a semiconductor die; a conductive structure adjacent to the semiconductor die; a first insulating layer on the conductive structure, wherein the first insulating layer comprises monovalent metal oxide, the first insulating layer having a first surface roughness; and a second insulating layer on the first insulating layer, wherein the second insulating layer comprises the monovalent metal oxide, and wherein the second insulating layer has a second surface roughness greater than the first surface roughness.
 2. The package structure of claim 1, wherein a weight ratio of the monovalent metal oxide in the second insulating layer is greater than a weight ratio of the monovalent metal oxide in the first insulating layer.
 3. The package structure of claim 1, wherein the first insulating layer further comprises divalent metal oxide, the second insulating layer further comprises divalent metal oxide, and a weight ratio of the divalent metal oxide in the second insulating layer is smaller than a weight ratio of the divalent metal oxide in the first insulating layer.
 4. The package structure as claimed in claim 3, wherein the monovalent metal oxide is cuprous oxide (Cu₂O), and the divalent metal oxide is cupric oxide (CuO).
 5. The package structure of claim 1, wherein the conductive structure comprises a metal and further wherein the monovalent metal oxide is an oxide of the metal.
 6. The package structure of claim 1, wherein a topmost surface of the conductive structure is level with a topmost surface of the semiconductor die.
 7. The package structure of claim 1, further including a molding compound encapsulating the semiconductor die.
 8. The package structure of claim 7, wherein the conductive structure extends from a topmost surface to a bottommost surface of the molding compound.
 9. The package structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of the monovalent metal oxide in the second insulating layer is in a range from about 30 wt % to about 60 wt %.
 10. A package structure, comprising: a first semiconductor die embedded in a molding compound; and a conductive structure extending through the molding compound, the conductive structure including a metal core, a first metal oxide surrounding the metal core and a second metal oxide surrounding the first metal oxide, wherein a weight ratio of monovalent metal oxide in the second metal oxide is greater than a weight ratio of monovalent metal oxide in the first metal oxide.
 11. The package structure of claim 10, wherein the first metal oxide is an oxide of the metal core.
 12. The package structure of claim 10, wherein the metal core comprises copper.
 13. The package structure of claim 10, wherein a weight ratio of divalent metal oxide in the second metal oxide is smaller than a weight ratio of divalent metal oxide in the first metal oxide.
 14. The package structure of claim 10, further comprising a redistribution structure extending over the semiconductor die and the conductive structure.
 15. The package structure of claim 14, wherein the redistribution structure is over a first surface of the conductive structure and further comprising a second semiconductor die electrically connected to a second surface of the conductive structure, the second surface being opposite the first surface.
 16. The package structure of claim 15, wherein the conductive structure electrically connects the second semiconductor die to the first semiconductor die.
 17. A package structure, comprising: a package layer encapsulating a semiconductor die and a conductive structure adjacent the semiconductor die; a redistribution layer extending over a first surface of the package layer and electrically contacting a first end of the conductive structure; an electrical connector electrically contacting a second end of the conductive structure, the second end being opposite the first end; a first insulating layer between the conductive structure and the package layer, the first insulating layer having a first surface roughness; and a second insulating layer between the first insulating layer and the package layer, the second insulating layer having a second surface roughness greater than the first surface roughness.
 18. The package structure of claim 17, wherein a weight ratio of monovalent metal oxide in the second insulating layer is greater than a weight ratio of monovalent metal oxide in the first insulating layer.
 19. The package structure of claim 18, wherein a weight ratio of divalent metal oxide in the second insulating layer is smaller than a weight ratio of divalent metal oxide in the first insulating layer.
 20. The package structure as claimed in claim 19, wherein the monovalent metal oxide is cuprous oxide (Cu₂O), and the divalent metal oxide is cupric oxide (CuO). 